callings of the archive
Monarch Biographies
Every archived life recorded as monarch, ordered by their place in the ledger.
Medieval era
Charlemagne
April 2, 748 CE – January 28, 814 CE
King of the Franks crowned first Holy Roman Emperor, father of Europe
Medieval era
Alfred the Great
849 CE – October 26, 899 CE
King of Wessex (r. 872–901)
Medieval era
William the Conqueror
November 8, 1028 – September 9, 1087
King of England from 1066 to 1087, Duke of Normandy from 1035 to 1087 (1028–1087)
Medieval era
Richard the Lionheart
September 8, 1157 – April 6, 1199
King of England from 1189 to 1199 (1157–1199)
Medieval era
King John of England
December 24, 1166 – October 19, 1216
King of England from 1199 to 1216
Medieval era
Genghis Khan
May 31, 1162 – August 25, 1227
Founder of the Mongol Empire, the largest contiguous empire in history
Medieval era
Mehmed the Conqueror
March 30, 1432 – May 3, 1481
Seventh Sultan of the Ottoman Empire (1444–1446, 1451–1481)
Medieval era
Robert the Bruce
July 11, 1274 – June 7, 1329
King of Scotland (1306–1329)
Medieval era
Edward I of England
June 17, 1239 – July 7, 1307
King of England from 1272 to 1307
Medieval era
Henry VIII
June 28, 1491 – January 28, 1547
King of England from 1509 to 1547 (1491–1547)
Early Modern era
Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor
February 24, 1500 – September 21, 1558
Holy Roman Emperor from 1519 to 1556 (1500–1558)
Early Modern era
Louis XIV
September 5, 1638 – September 1, 1715
King of France and Navarre from 1643 to 1715 (1638-1715)
Early Modern era
Louis XVI
August 23, 1754 – January 21, 1793
King of France and Navarre from 1774 to 1791, then King of the French from 1791 to 1792 (1754-1793)
Early Modern era
Frederick the Great
January 24, 1712 – August 17, 1786
King of Prussia from 1740 to 1786 (1712-1786)
Early Modern era
Maria Theresa
May 13, 1717 – November 29, 1780
Ruler of the Habsburg Dominions (1717-1780)
Early Modern era
Catherine the Great
April 21, 1729 – November 17, 1796
Empress who modernized and expanded the Russian Empire
Medieval era
Babur
February 14, 1483 – December 26, 1530
Founder of the Mughal Empire (1526–1530)
Early Modern era
Akbar
October 15, 1542 – October 15, 1605
The third and greatest Mughal emperor from 1556 to 1605
Early Modern era
Shah Jahan
January 15, 1592 – January 22, 1666
The fifth Mughal Emperor from 1628 to 1658
Early Modern era
Aurangzeb
November 3, 1618 – March 3, 1707
The sixth Mughal Emperor from 1658 to 1707
Medieval era
Sejong the Great
April 10, 1397 – February 17, 1450
Fourth king of Joseon (Korea), creator of Hangul
Early Modern era
Qianlong Emperor
September 25, 1711 – February 7, 1799
Emperor of the Qing Dynasty (1711–1799)
Modern era
Queen Victoria
May 24, 1819 – January 22, 1901
Queen of the United Kingdom from 1837 to 1901 (1819-1901)
Modern era
Emperor Meiji
November 3, 1852 – July 30, 1912
Emperor of Japan from 1867 until 1912
Modern era
Haile Selassie
July 23, 1892 – August 27, 1975
Emperor of Ethiopia from 1930 to 1974
Early Modern era
Bahadur Shah Zafar
October 24, 1775 – November 7, 1862
18th and last Mughal Emperor from 1837 to 1857
Early Modern era
Siraj-ud-Daulah
1733 – July 2, 1757
Nawab of Bengal
Modern era
Mir Osman Ali Khan
April 6, 1886 – February 24, 1967
Last Monarch of the Kingdom of Hyderabad (1886-1967)
Early Modern era
Prithvi Narayan Shah
January 7, 1723 – January 11, 1775
King of Nepal
Contemporary era
Birendra of Nepal
December 28, 1945 – June 1, 2001
King of Nepal (1945–2001)
Early Modern era
Ahmad Shah Durrani
1722 – 1772
Founder of the Afghan Durrani Empire (r. 1747–1772)
Himiko
d. 248 CE
3rd century queen of Yamataikoku
Ancient era
Gwanggaeto the Great
374 CE – 413 CE
King of the Goguryeo dynasty of Korea (374–413) (r. 391–413)
Medieval era
Ly Thai To
March 8, 974 CE – 1028
Vietnamese emperor
Medieval era
Le Loi
September 10, 1384 – 1433
Founding Emperor of the Later Lê dynasty
Early Modern era
Quang Trung
1752 – September 16, 1792
Vietnamese emperor
Modern era
Mongkut
October 18, 1804 – October 1, 1868
King of Siam from 1851 to 1868
Modern era
Chulalongkorn
September 20, 1853 – October 23, 1910
King of Siam (1853-1910)
Early Modern era
Alaungpaya
September 24, 1714 – May 11, 1760
King of Burma
Medieval era
Jayavarman VII
1122 – 1218
Cambodian king, considered by historians to be the most powerful Khmer monarch of all time
Medieval era
Arwa al-Sulayhi
1048 – 1138
Yemeni queen and ruler (c. 1048–1138)
Medieval era
Askia Mohammad I
1443 – 1538
Emperor of the Songhai empire
Modern era
Behanzin
September 7, 1844 – December 10, 1906
Last king of Dahomey (1845–1906)
Early Modern era
Henri Christophe
October 6, 1767 – October 8, 1820
President and King of North Haiti (1767–1820)
Modern era
Liliuokalani
September 2, 1838 – November 11, 1917
Monarch of the Hawaiian Kingdom (1838–1917)
Medieval era
Æthelstan
895 CE – October 27, 939 CE
King of Wessex and first king of England (r. 924-939)
Medieval era
Offa of Mercia
c. 800 CE – July 29, 796 CE
King of Mercia
Medieval era
Æthelred the Unready
967 CE – April 23, 1016
King of England
Edward the Confessor
d. January 5, 1066
Anglo-Saxon King of England from 1042 to 1066
Medieval era
Edmund Ironside
993 CE – November 30, 1016
King of the English, Wessex dynasty
Medieval era
Stephen of England
1095 – October 25, 1154
King of England from 1135 to 1154
Medieval era
Henry III of England
October 1, 1207 – November 16, 1272
King of England from 1216 to 1272
Medieval era
Edward II of England
April 25, 1284 – September 21, 1327
King of England from 1307 to 1327
Medieval era
Richard II of England
January 6, 1367 – February 14, 1400
King of England from 1377 to 1399
Medieval era
Henry IV of England
1367 – March 20, 1413
King of England from 1399 to 1413
Medieval era
Henry VI of England
December 6, 1421 – May 21, 1471
King of England from 1422 to 1461 and from 1470 to 1471, disputed King of France from 1422 to 1453
Medieval era
Edward IV of England
April 28, 1442 – April 9, 1483
King of England from 1461 to 1470 and 1471 to 1483
Medieval era
Llywelyn the Great
1173 – April 11, 1240
Prince of Gwynedd from 1199 to 1240
Medieval era
Llywelyn ap Gruffudd
1220 – December 11, 1282
Prince of Gwynedd
Medieval era
Kenneth MacAlpin
810 CE – February 8, 858 CE
King of the Picts