callings of the archive
Monarch Biographies
Every archived life recorded as monarch, ordered by their place in the ledger.
Contemporary era
Philippe of Belgium
b. April 15, 1960
King of the Belgians since 2013
Contemporary era
Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck
b. February 21, 1980
Fifth and reigning King of Bhutan
Contemporary era
Mswati III
b. April 19, 1968
King of Eswatini
Contemporary era
Naruhito
b. February 23, 1960
Emperor of Japan (born 1960)
Contemporary era
Abdullah II of Jordan
b. January 30, 1962
King of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan
Contemporary era
William Alexander of the Netherlands
b. April 27, 1967
King of the Netherlands (born 1967)
Modern era
Mishal Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah
b. September 27, 1940
Emir of Kuwait since 2023
Contemporary era
Hans-Adam II, Prince of Liechtenstein
b. February 14, 1945
Monarch of Liechtenstein (born 1945)
Contemporary era
Ibrahim Iskandar of Johor
b. November 22, 1958
17th and current Yang di-Pertuan Agong of Malaysia & Sultan of Johor
Contemporary era
Mohammed VI of Morocco
b. August 21, 1963
King of Morocco since 1999
Contemporary era
Haakon VIII
b. July 20, 1973
King of Norway since 2026
Modern era
Salman bin Abdulaziz Al Saud
b. December 31, 1935
King of Saudi Arabia since 2015
Contemporary era
Carl XVI Gustaf of Sweden
b. April 30, 1946
King of Sweden since 1973
Contemporary era
Vajiralongkorn
b. July 28, 1952
King of Thailand since 2016
Contemporary era
Tupou VI of Tonga
b. July 12, 1959
King of Tonga
Modern era
Elizabeth II
April 21, 1926 – September 8, 2022
Queen of the United Kingdom from 1952 to 2022 (1926–2022)
Modern era
King George VI
December 14, 1895 – February 6, 1952
King of the United Kingdom from 1936 to 1952
Modern era
Albert II of Belgium
b. June 6, 1934
Sixth king of the Belgians
Modern era
Leopold III of Belgium
November 3, 1901 – September 25, 1983
King of the Belgians from 1934 to 1951 (1901–1983)
Modern era
Leopold II of Belgium
April 9, 1835 – December 17, 1909
King of the Belgians from 1865 to 1909 (1835–1909)
Modern era
George V
June 3, 1865 – January 20, 1936
King of the United Kingdom from 1910 to 1936
Modern era
Edward VII
November 9, 1841 – May 6, 1910
King of the United Kingdom from 1901 to 1910
Modern era
Ngwane V
1876 – December 10, 1899
Paramount chief of Swaziland (1876–1899)
Modern era
Mswati II
1825 – 1868
King of Swaziland (1825–1868)
Early Modern era
King Sobhuza I
1780 – 1836
King of Eswatini
Modern era
Akihito
b. December 23, 1933
Emperor of Japan from 1989 to 2019
Modern era
Emperor Taishō
August 31, 1879 – December 25, 1926
Emperor of Japan from 1912 until 1926
Modern era
Hussein I of Jordan
November 14, 1935 – February 7, 1999
King of Jordan from 1952 to 1999
Modern era
Abdullah I of Jordan
February 2, 1882 – July 20, 1951
Ruler of Transjordan and Jordan from 1921 to 1951
Modern era
Margrethe II of Denmark
b. April 16, 1940
Queen of Denmark from 1972 to 2024 (born 1940)
Modern era
Frederik IX of Denmark
March 11, 1899 – January 14, 1972
King of Denmark from 1947 to 1972
Modern era
Christian X of Denmark
September 26, 1870 – April 20, 1947
King of Denmark (1912–1947) and Iceland (1918–1944)
Modern era
Frederik VIII of Denmark
June 3, 1843 – May 14, 1912
King of Denmark from 1906 to 1912
Modern era
Christian IX of Denmark
April 8, 1818 – January 29, 1906
King of Denmark from 1863 to 1906
Modern era
Beatrix of the Netherlands
b. January 31, 1938
Queen of the Netherlands from 1980 to 2013 (born 1938)
Modern era
Juliana of the Netherlands
April 30, 1909 – March 20, 2004
Queen of the Netherlands from 1948 to 1980 (1909-2004)
Modern era
Wilhelmina of the Netherlands
August 31, 1880 – November 28, 1962
Queen of the Netherlands from 1890 to 1948 (1880-1962)
Modern era
William III of the Netherlands
February 19, 1817 – November 23, 1890
King of the Netherlands and Grand Duke of Luxembourg (1817-1890)
Modern era
Nawaf Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah
June 25, 1937 – December 16, 2023
Emir of Kuwait (1937–2023)
Modern era
Sabah Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah
June 16, 1929 – September 29, 2020
Emir of Kuwait (1929–2020)
Modern era
Mamohato of Lesotho
April 28, 1941 – September 6, 2003
Queen regnant of Lesotho (1941–2003)
Modern era
Mantsebo Amelia 'Matsaba
1902 – 1964
Queen of Basutoland (1902–1964)
Early Modern era
William I of the Netherlands
August 24, 1772 – December 12, 1843
King of the Netherlands and Grand Duke of Luxembourg 1815-1840 (1772-1843)
Contemporary era
Abdullah of Pahang
b. July 30, 1959
16th and current Yang di-Pertuan Agong of Malaysia & 6th and current Sultan of Pahang
Modern era
Rainier III, Prince of Monaco
May 31, 1923 – April 6, 2005
Prince of Monaco from 1949 to 2005 (1923-2005)
Medieval era
Lucien, Lord of Monaco
1481 – August 22, 1523
Lord of Monaco
Modern era
Hassan II
July 9, 1929 – July 23, 1999
King of Morocco from 1961 to 1999
Modern era
Queen Salote Tupou III
March 13, 1900 – December 16, 1965
Monarch of Tonga (1918-1965)
Medieval era
Selim I
October 10, 1470 – September 22, 1520
9th Sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1512 to 1520
Ancient era
Hammurabi
1810 BCE – 1750 BCE
Babylonian king whose code is among the oldest written laws
Ancient era
Nebuchadnezzar II
642 BCE – 561 BCE
King of Babylon
Ancient era
Cyrus the Great
600 BCE – 530 BCE
Founder of the Achaemenid Empire (559–529 BC)
Ancient era
Darius I
550 BCE – 486 BCE
The fourth and greatest Achaemenid emperor (522–486 BC)
Ancient era
Philip II of Macedon
c. 385 BCE – 336 BCE
King of Macedon from 359 to 336 BC
Ancient era
Alexander the Great
356 BCE – 323 BCE
Macedonian king who built an empire from Greece to India by age 30
Ancient era
Cleopatra
69 BCE – 30 BCE
Last pharaoh of Egypt, diplomat and strategist of the ancient world
Ancient era
Marcus Aurelius
April 26, 121 CE – March 17, 180 CE
16th Roman Emperor from 161 to 180 and Stoic philosopher
Ancient era
Diocletian
December 22, 244 CE – December 3, 316 CE
Augustus of the Eastern Roman Empire (244-311)
Medieval era
Empress Theodora
500 CE – June 28, 548 CE
Byzantine empress from 527 to 548
Ancient era
Qin Shi Huang
259 BCE – 210 BCE
First Emperor of unified China, builder of the Great Wall's foundation