Philosophers

Medieval era

Adelard of Bath

1075 – 1160

12th-century English natural philosopher

Medieval era

John of Salisbury

c. 1110 – October 25, 1180

English philosopher and theologian (ca 1115-1180)

Medieval era

Alain de Lille

c. 1117 – December 29, 1202

French theologian and poet

Medieval era

Vincent of Beauvais

1190 – 1264

13th century French encyclopedist

Medieval era

Siger of Brabant

1235 – November 10, 1284

Belgian philosopher, c. 1240–1284

Medieval era

Henry of Ghent

1217 – June 29, 1293

Scholastic philosopher

Medieval era

Giles of Rome

1243 – December 22, 1316

Roman Catholic archbishop

Medieval era

Witelo

1230 – 1275

Polish-German scholar

Medieval era

Pietro d'Abano

1250 – 1315

Italian physician, philosopher and philologist

Christine de Pizan

d. 1430

French poet and author (1364 – c. 1430)

Medieval era

Ramon Llull

1232 – 1316

Majorcan writer and philosopher (c.1232–1315/6)

Medieval era

Jean Gerson

December 13, 1363 – July 12, 1429

French academic (1363/1369–1429)

Medieval era

Mechthild of Magdeburg

1207 – 1282

German mystic

Medieval era

Marguerite Porete

1250 – June 1, 1310

French mystic

Medieval era

Henry Suso

March 21, 1295 – January 25, 1366

German Dominican friar and mystic

Ancient era

Enheduanna

c. 2300 BCE – c. 2300 BCE

Akkadian princess; Sumerian high priestess of Nanna at Ur; poet and philosopher

Ancient era

Ptahhotep

c. 2450 BCE – c. 2400 BCE

Ancient Egyptian vizier

Ancient era

Mazdak

c. 450 CE – 529 CE

Iranian philosopher

Ancient era

Julia Domna

c. 165 CE – 217 CE

Ancient Roman empress

Ancient era

Plotinus

205 CE – 270 CE

Hellenistic Platonist philosopher and founder of Neoplatonism (c. 204/5–270)

Ancient era

Philo of Alexandria

15 BCE – 45 CE

Hellenistic Jewish philosopher who lived in Alexandria (c. 20 BCE-c. 50 CE)

Ancient era

Clement of Alexandria

150 CE – 215 CE

Christian theologian (c.150 – c.215)

Ancient era

Tertullian

150 CE – 220 CE

Roman Christian theologian and writer (c. 155 – c. 220)

Ancient era

Lucian of Samosata

120 CE – c. 200 CE

2nd-century Syrian satirist and rhetorician

Ancient era

Porphyry

233 CE – 301 CE

3rd-century Greek Neoplatonist philosopher

Ancient era

Iamblichus

240 CE – 320 CE

Syrian Neoplatonist philosopher (c. 245 – c. 325)

Ancient era

Bardaisan

July 11, 154 CE – 222 CE

Syrian gnostic, scientist, philosopher and poet (154-222)

Modern era

Sir Ziauddin Ahmad

February 13, 1878 – December 23, 1947

Indian mathematician and philosopher (1873-1947)

Modern era

Madan Mohan Malaviya

December 25, 1861 – November 12, 1946

Indian educator and politician

Modern era

Bagha Jatin

December 7, 1879 – September 10, 1915

Bengali revolutionary (1879-1915)

Modern era

Mahadev Govind Ranade

January 18, 1842 – January 16, 1901

Indian scholar, social reformer and author (1842-1901)

Modern era

Chattampi Swamikal

August 25, 1853 – May 5, 1924

Indian spiritual leader and social reformer

Modern era

Sahodaran Ayyappan

August 21, 1889 – March 6, 1968

Indian politician and reformer (1889-1968)

Modern era

Vinoba Bhave

September 11, 1895 – November 15, 1982

Indian advocate of nonviolence and human rights (1895-1982)

Modern era

Sadhu Vaswani

November 25, 1879 – January 16, 1966

Indian educationer, humanitarian and spiritual leader (1879-1966)

Modern era

Riazuddin

November 10, 1930 – September 9, 2013

Pakistani nuclear physicist (1930–2013)

Modern era

Muhammad Hasan Askari

November 5, 1919 – January 18, 1978

Writer, Critic, Short story writer, translator (1919–1978)

Modern era

Isaiah

June 6, 1909 – November 5, 1997

Russo-British-Latvian Jewish social and political theorist, philosopher and historian of ideas (1909–1997)

Medieval era

Bernard of Clairvaux

1090 – August 20, 1153

Burgundian saint, abbot and theologian (1090–1153)

Medieval era

Catherine of Siena

March 25, 1347 – April 29, 1380

Italian Dominican saint (1347-1380)

Medieval era

Thomas a Kempis

1380 – July 25, 1471

German canon regular

Medieval era

John Wycliffe

c. 1320 – December 31, 1384

English theologian and dissident in the Roman Catholic Church

Modern era

Pope Benedict XVI

April 16, 1927 – December 31, 2022

265 th pope of the Catholic Church (2005–2013)

Medieval era

Rabia al-Adawiyya

c. 710 CE – 801 CE

Iraqi sufi and poet

Ancient era

Zhuangzi

369 BCE – 288 BCE

Chinese Taoist philosopher (c. 369–286 BC)

Ancient era

Bodhidharma

483 CE – 540 CE

Indian-Chinese philosopher and Buddhist Monk

Early Modern era

Guru Gobind Singh

December 22, 1666 – October 7, 1708

Tenth Sikh guru (1661–1708)

Medieval era

Kabir

1440 – 1518

15th-century Indian mystic poet and saint

Modern era

Ramakrishna

February 18, 1836 – August 16, 1886

Indian mystic and religious preacher (1836–1886)

Modern era

Ramana Maharshi

December 30, 1879 – April 14, 1950

Indian spiritual teacher (1879–1950)

Ancient era

Solon

638 BCE – 558 BCE

Athenian legislator

Ancient era

Xenophon

430 BCE – 354 BCE

Greek philosopher, historian, soldier (c. 430–355/354 BC)

Ancient era

Anaximander

620 BCE – 547 BCE

Pre-Socratic Greek philosopher

Ancient era

Anaxagoras

500 BCE – 428 BCE

5th-century BC Greek philosopher

Ancient era

Parmenides

515 BCE – 470 BCE

Late 6th/early 5th century BC Greek pre-Socratic philosopher

Ancient era

Empedocles

490 BCE – 430 BCE

5th century BC Greek philosopher

Ancient era

Protagoras

486 BCE – 420 BCE

Pre-Socratic Greek philosopher (c.490–c.420 BC)

Ancient era

Lucretius

94 BCE – 55 BCE

1st-century BC Roman poet and philosopher

Ancient era

Julian the Apostate

November 17, 331 CE – June 26, 363 CE

Last Pagan Roman emperor, reigned 361 to 363

Patanjali

Ancient Indian scholar(s) of grammar and linguistics, of yoga, of medical treatises